In one most engaging study, Helseth (1926) followed for the whole year an eighth-grade class where the teacher ‘threw all of her teaching power’ into getting the pupils to ask questions. ‘In September they sat passive… In May the pupils themselves introduced the problems on which they desired help in solving’ (Helseth 1926: 74). -Dillon, 1988
Questioning is an important aspect of everyday educational experience. For increasing our awareness and understanding of this essential teaching and learning component, we introduce a 2-part mini-series discussing how we, as teachers, can address it in the classroom.
In the first part of this mini-series about questioning, we focused on the critical role of questioning in the context of education and how we, as teachers, can uplift it. The second installment addresses specific questions that find their best fit within the Approaches to Teaching and Learning (ATLs) instructional framework, which was proposed by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO, 2015).
ATLs develop in six strands regarding teaching, and five in reference to learning; they can work separately or they can be mixed and matched. Approaches to Teaching suggest ways in which the educator can unfold their instruction to achieve a variety of goals, such as inquiry, conceptual understanding, local-global contexts, teamwork, differentiation, and assessment. Simultaneously, with Approaches to Learning, students improve their skills in research, thinking, communication, socialization, and self-management.
When following an instruction informed by ATLs, you can deal with questioning in ways that will support your Approaches. You can aim to start with basic information questions and gradually move towards wonderment questions that demonstrate more elaborate inquiry. You set the pace and then facilitate so your students follow your lead.
Each ATL can offer unique benefits for improving questioning in the classroom. Here’s how:
1. Inquiry-based teaching ↦ Improving research skills
Why do questions informed by inquiry provoke better answers?
From school projects to scientific publications, we can find curious people that become inquirers to satisfy their thirst for knowledge. Those inquirers start to blossom in your classroom. Regardless if it is just a search for a piece of missing information or the development of a longitudinal study, we link inquiry to research. Research is a road that drives us from one place to another – when done properly and with a reasonable amount of enthusiasm. We stumble on resources that are useful and thought-provoking, but we also find things that are irrelevant; telling them apart is one of the most important research skills one can cultivate.
Taking this research-road and encountering all its challenges – with rewards and disappointments – gives us full control over our inquiry. Basic information questions are answered during the first stages of research, so we are left with wonderment questions: issues that are debatable or have not been answered yet.
The fun part of inquiry is that it suggests a circle: the person who attempts to answer our wonderment question may be challenged enough to conduct their own research. Teachers and students can either be the inquirers or those who provide answers – more ideally, they constantly change roles.
2. Teaching focused on conceptual understanding ↦ Practicing thinking skills
Why should a question give prominence to central concepts?
General ideas about our world are the first pieces of knowledge we gather and the easiest to project. They help us gradually familiarize ourselves with a variety of objects and events. So, in a way, they refer to basic information and the impetuous connections they make. Asking questions that relate to general ideas around a subject reflects that you are still familiarizing yourself with it or that you are trying to attract novice learners into this realm.
Advancement of thinking skills is a prerequisite for going from the expression of general ideas to the discussion of concepts. Concepts are broad and powerful abstract notions. To form such notions, general ideas should be linked in a meaningful way within and across different fields. A question that refers to concepts, or calls for an answer that involves concepts, is a sign for adequate conceptual understanding.
Concept-focused questioning can facilitate connecting general ideas successfully enough to move towards concepts, whether you are setting the question or providing the answer. It calls both parties to rise up to the challenge: give width to their perspectives and depth to their approaches. To more efficiently handle this process, setting a specific topic can substantially help all participants to stay on the right inquiry track.
3. Teaching developed in local-global contexts ↦ Enriching communication skills
Why should a question be developed in both local and global contexts?
We are part of a universal society that communicates at the speed of light – literally. International-mindedness should affect our questions and act as a filter for the answers we receive. Significant and fascinating things that happen in global contexts can shape our perspective. Plus, cultural diversity needs to be taken into consideration to get the most out of our communication with others.
However, we mainly set questions based on our personal experience. Real-life situations that we have encountered affect us to a great extent and have a tremendous impact on the formation of our inquiries. These viewpoints are additionally influenced by some local contexts within our reaches, such as our family, our community, or even our country.
Personal and local contexts shouldn’t be dismissed, they should be celebrated: it’s important to acknowledge and unpack the frames of reference students are familiar with and reflect their own culture. But posing questions considering local frameworks alone provokes respective answers: the person who responds is implicitly prompt to address these restricted contexts. Teachers can set the pace by asking all-inclusive contexts questions; students would go from local to global and the other way around, broadening their perspectives.
4. Teaching focused on teamwork ↦ Empowering social skills
Why is a question empowered by collaboration?
It is widely accepted that “two minds are better than one.” When it comes to inquiry, I prefer to enhance this saying with another: “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” This is the result of efficient collaboration; after all, there should be a good reason why people working in teams is the current trend towards great discoveries
While conducting research and forming questions, teamwork creates interesting interactions. A student’s question doesn’t have to be addressed directly to the teacher, because a teammate can be ready to answer it. Basic information questions can be tackled first within the team, then wonderment questions can gather different interest viewpoints. The research deepens through this immediate feedback, and new questions arise.
As soon as the team finds an obstacle that can’t overcome with their own resources, they require the teacher’s help. At this point, each student has individually found questions and answers, and, through collaboration, they have created a new question that integrates the outcomes of their entire interaction as a team. Therefore the team’s tip-of-the-iceberg question that reaches the teacher can be expected to be way more intriguing than each student’s question separately.
5. Differentiated teaching ↦ Advancing thinking skills
Why do personal inputs enhance a question?
We often think that a “proper” question is formed in a passive voice and successfully hides any personal leads. Although this is a common strategy in the realms of academia, it’s not mandatory for school education. Students are in a constant state of personal discovery, and we should allow their questions to reflect their unique perspectives.
Any given subject can challenge our curiosity and wonderment, but we don’t all have the same starting point, nor do we process new information in the same manner. Differentiation in learning should start with questions: demonstrating personal experience and prior knowledge is key in forming a precise and meaningful question.
Students showing in a straight-forward way what they have in mind and what their capabilities are, without modest expressions and generalizations, can allow teachers to give answers that truly address students’ problems and doubts. Receiving acceptance for their individuality encourages them to proceed with their learning journey and reach their full potential.
A final ATL refers to teaching informed by assessment and the fostering of student self-management skills. When it comes to questioning, this Approach should reflect on all the rest that have been listed above. Don’t get me wrong – questioning and assessment aren’t just two sides of the same coin.
In this case, we should assess the question itself, and can students do the same for their own questions and their classmates’ questions. The goal is not to grade or pass judgments; it’s to define the positive and counteractive characteristics that have shaped the question and, consequently, affect the quality of the expected answer.
So, how can we bring all this meaningful questioning in our classroom and serve our Approaches to Teaching and Learning at the same time? Ideally, with the use of educational technology that facilitates teachers in achieving their goals and responds to students’ thirst for innovation. It is the perfect opportunity to try a tool that focuses explicitly on receiving questions and providing answers.
Oh, yes – let’s not forget about the answers. Students posing questions is a big deal, but they show expectancy of something: mind-blowing, thought-provoking answers. In most cases, we can provide them just fine, but they should have the chance to be acquainted with multiple perspectives beyond their teachers’ and classmates’. Mentorship can give them the privilege of having their questions answered by experts in industries and academia in their respective fields.
You can meet your ATL goals and support questioning in the classroom with 100mentors, today.
Sources
Dillon, J. T. (1988). The remedial status of student questioning. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 20(3), 197–210.
Helseth, I.O. (1926). Children’s thinking. A study of the thinking done by a group of grade children when encouraged to ask questions about United States history. Columbia Univ. Contrib. to Educ.: New York.
IBO. (2015). Approaches to teaching and learning. Retrieved December 2, 2019, from https://xmltwo.ibo.org/publications/DP/Group0/d_0_dpatl_gui_1502_1/static/dpatl/
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